Imperialism

**__ Imperialism __** __ ** Old Imperialism ** __
 * __ Cody H & Matt D __**

By the late eighteenth century, the practices of mercantilism were coming under very stringent assault. In 1775, Adam Smith published his stinging attack on mercantilism as the wrong kind of economic program. He represented some of the thinking of the new laissez-faire capitalism.

More damaging was the successful breakaway of thirteen British colonies in North America (1776-1783) and bringing to question whether classical empires could be sustained. In the 1820s and 30s most of Latin America threw off Portuguese and Spanish control reinforcing the question about the value of maintaining empires.

The middle of the nineteenth century represented a kind of “lull” in the imperial process, and then the 1880s saw a remarkable reawakening of the imperial instinct.

** New Imperialism - **

Since the Second World War, two new sets of terms have become widely used. One set had its roots in the Cold War when the USA and the Soviet Union tended to polarize other states by making them “choose sides”. The two superpowers frequently utilized the expressions satellite, client and/or puppet state in reference to smaller societies influenced by one or the other of the big powers.

Lastly, some third world countries and their friends inside certain ideological circles have popularized two variations on a theme - namely, neo-colonialism and neo-imperialism. These phrases have gained wider usage since the 1960s.

**Basic Causes of War throughout History**

1. Wars of conquest 2. Wars of rivalry between Imperialistic powers 3. Wars of Liberation from Imperialistic powers

__ Motives for New Imperialism __

__ Economic __ n need for raw materials and markets n especially now when the Industrial Revolution had spread all over Europe (competition between industrial nations.) n opportunities for investment n exploitation of cheap labor.

__ Strategic Reasons - __


 * Strategic naval bases, calling stations, ports of call Force of Nationalism
 * desire for one’s country to get ahead in the domination of Africa and Asia

__ Humanitarian and Administrative Reasons. __


 * “White man’s Burden” - Kipling
 * Spread the benefits of Modern Civilization Spread Christianity by missionaries
 * Opportunity for white administrative posts in colonies

__ Methods of Takeover - Types of Control __

- ** Colony ** - ** Protectorate ** - ** Sphere of Influence ** - ** Foreign Investment ** - ** Concession ** - ** Leasehold ** - ** Annexation ** ** sorces: ** []